There exist some differences between different strains of the nitrogen fixing bacteria in legumes tolerant to salt. Correct selection of bacterial strains resistant to salt can help increase the nitrogen fixation in soils. The study of negative effect of this factor in nitrogen fixation can help us in correct utilization of land. Study of the role of bacterial and plant cell cytoplasmic membrane which are part of the symbiotic process can help use symbiotic nitrogen fixation for increasing the yield. This study showed that within Lupine and Lucerna and their symbiotic bacteria there are a lot of differences in respect to salt tolerant levels. Lupine had 100 mM and Lucerna 175 mM concentration resistance in root growth conditions and their symbiotic bacteria Lupine tolerated 50mM .and Lucerna 400 mM (NaCl) in solid media conditions, respectively. No active transport to outside the cell through the cytoplasmic layer and their symbiotic constituents (Bacteroids, Cymbiocom) takes place and the salt resistant could be attributed to the intercellular compoundswhich cause osmotic pressure.

Purpose: To compare the anatomical and functional results of deep vitrectomy with and without ILM peeling for full thickness macular hole.Materials & Methods: 37 eyes of 37 patients with full thickness macular hole (FTMH), confirmed by clinical examination and optical coherence tomography (OCT), enrolled in this clinical trial. Based on the stage of FTMH (stage 2, 3, 4) as described by Gass and the techniques of surgery (with or without ILM peeling) the patients were randomized into two different groups. All patients underwent preoperative Act and at least one OCT image was obtained during the postoperative follow up.After obtaining informed consent, deep vitrectomy and 20% SF6 injection was performed. The patients were unaware of their allocation status. Patients data & surgical outcome were collected and statistically analyzed. Anatomical success was defined as hole closure at postoperative OCT and functional success was referred to any improvement in visual acuity. Macular hole index (MHI) was defined as a ratio of the greatest height to the base diameter of the hole on cross-sectional OCT images.Results: 37 eyes of 37 patients (15 men & 22 women) were enrolled. The mean age of the patients was 56.4±21.94 years and FTMH were traumatic in 13 cases (35%) and Idiopathic in 24 (65%) cases. Twenty cases underwent deep vitrectomy with ILM peeling (ILM group) and the remaining cases underwent vitrectomy without ILM peeling (no ILM group).The mean preoperative 10gMAR visual acuity was 1.38±1 in the ILM group and 1.22±0.13 in the no ILM group, these improved to 0.95±1 and 0.77±0.31 postoperatively in the ILM and no ILM group, respectively (P=0.871). The overall anatomical success rate was 64%. The hole was closed in 70% of ILM peeling and 47% in the no ILM group (Chi-square test, P=0.15). In anatomically successful cases the mean of postoperative VA was significantly improved (P=0.001).In traumatic subgroup, ILM peeling seems did not affect the anatomical (P=0.2) and visual Success rates (P=0.5). There was no significant differences in hole closure rates between the traumatic and idiopathic FTMH (P=0.968). Visual acuity significantly improved after operation In MHI ³ 0.5 group compared with the MHk 0.5 group. The stage of the hole did not affect the anatomical success rate (P=0.52) or visual acuity improvement (P=0.741). Macular hole index ³ 0.5 had a prognostic value for postoperative visual acuity improvement. The hole duration was not related to anatomical success rate but there is an inverse relation between duration of the symptoms and improvement in VA.Conclusion: Deep vitrectomy and SF6 injection was a safe & effective surgical technique for full thickness macular hole and peeling of the ILM seems did not affect the anatomical or functional success rates. The hole duration, stage and origin of the hole (traumatic or idiopathic) does not related to the anatomical success or visual acuity improvement. MHI  ³ 0.5 seems to be a prognostic factor for postoperative visual improvement but not for closure rate.

Aims Infections by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are increasing problems in pediatrics and are usually associated with higher hospital costs and mortality rates. The aims of this study were the statistical investigation of the worldwide prevalence and risk factors of ESBL and CPE family members among pediatric population. Instruments & Methods From October 1, 1995 to July 27, 2017, some keywords including “ ESBLs” , “ carbapenemase” , “ pediatrics” , “ children” , and “ risk factor” were searched in the searching databases such as Google Scholar, Embase, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science among original research articles. The univariate and multivariate analysis of the collected data was performed by Graph Pad Prism 6. 1 software. Findings The mean percentage of ESBL production was 20. 23± 22. 31 and the mean percentage of CPE was 1. 81± 2. 77. E. coli (n=991) and K. pneumonia (n=627) were the predominant ESBLproducers. Nephrology (n=5005) and NICU (n=1805) were predominant hospital wards. ESBLPE had significantly higher prevalence in the infants unit (OR=0. 9832, 95% CI=12. 271-19. 519; p<0. 001). Moreover, ICU ward was a significant and independent risk factor for CPE acquisition (OR=0. 849, 95% CI=2. 211-5. 415; p=0. 0035). ESBL-PE and CPE were significantly isolated from blood samples (OR=0. 9276, 95% CI=1. 508-2. 433, p<0. 0001) and fecal specimens (OR=0. 968, 95% CI=2. 829-5. 133, p<0. 0001), respectively. Conclusion Most of risk factors between ESBL-PE and CPE are similar including previous hospitalization and prolonged use of antibiotics, cephalosporins, and previous colonization. Other possible potential risk factors that should be considered include presence of catheters and travel history. Detection of risk factors provides useful information for formulation of infection control policy.

Background: The enterotoxin (cpe) gene in C. perfringensis is responsible for food poisoning and gastroenteritis. The dried vegetables are suitable environment for spore forming bacteria such C. perfringensis, because of spore resistance against harsh environments such as temperature, dehydrate etc. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify cpe-positive C. perfringens in dried vegetable. Methods: In a descriptive study, 140 samples including 70 bulk and 70 packed dried vegetables collected from various part of Tehran were tested. At first samples were inoculated in thioglycolate as enrichment medium, and then cultured into sulfite polymyxin sulfadiazine (SPS). The colonies were identified by phenotypic and biochemical tests and Duplex PCR was carried out for detection of alpha toxin (cpa) and enterotoxin (cpe) genes. Results: Out of 140 tested samples 13 samples (9. 3%) were identified as C. perfringens in which all of them were positive for cpa but negative for cpe gene. The rate of contamination of packed vegetables was 12. 8% whereas 5. 7% for bulk. Conclusion: The result of this study showed that C. perfringens contaminations in dried packed vegetables is possible, and that might happen during drying and packaging possess.